Kohlenstoffnanoröhren und andere mikroskopische Partikel sind zunehmend Bestandteile von Konsumgütern. Und sie werden auch in Organismen entlang der Nahrungskette gefunden.
Die Nanotechnologie löst eine neue industrielle Revolution aus. Der Prozess der Herstellung von Materialien in unglaublich kleinem Maßstab hat zu Fortschritten in allen Bereichen geführt, von Elektronik über Farbe und Kosmetik bis hin zu Kleidung (Anmerkung: Ein menschliches Haar ist etwa 80.000 Nanometer breit). Ihre geringe Größe stellt aber auch eine Bedrohung für eine neue Art der Verschmutzung dar: Nanomaterialien können leicht in die Umwelt bzw. in lebende Organismen gelangen und ihren Weg durch die Nahrungskette finden, wie neue Forschungsergebnisse zeigen.
Nanomaterialien in der Nahrungskette
In einem in der Fachzeitschrift Nature Communications veröffentlichten Artikel verfolgten die Forscher Nanomaterialien von einer Größe zwischen 1 und 100 Nanometer durch die Nahrungskette. Hierzu identifizierten sie zunächst Nanomaterialien in Algen und folgten dann diesen Materialien in weiterer Folge in Plankton, das die Algen absorbiert hatte sowie in weiterer Folge in Fischen, die das Plankton gefressen hatten. Bei jedem Schritt veränderten die Nanopartikel Größe und Form und breiteten sich im gesamten Körper des Organismus aus. Sie drangen in Zellen und Organe ein. Im Fisch sammelten sie sich dann im Gehirn an.
Fazel A. Monikh, Hauptautor und Forscher an der Universität von Ostfinnland, ist sich nicht ganz sicher, warum sich diese Nanomaterialien im Gehirn des Fisches ansammeln, aber er ist der Meinung, dass dies besorgniserregend ist. Außerdem werden diese Nanomaterialien kaum als Inhaltsstoffe eines Produktes angeführt. Meist weiß man nicht einmal, dass sie Bestandteil eines Produktes sind. Und da es keine weltweit akzeptierte Definition für ein Nanomaterial gibt, ist es schwierig, sie zu kennzeichnen oder zu regulieren.
Nanomaterial vs. Mikroplastik
Diese Nanomaterialien, die in die Nahrungskette gelangt sind, unterscheiden sich von Mikroplastik (Stücken mit einer Länge von weniger als fünf Millimetern) und Nanokunststoffen (kleineren Fragmenten mit einer Länge von weniger als 0,001 Millimetern). Die Verschmutzung durch diese beiden tritt auf, wenn Kunststoff in eine Umgebung gelangt und sich in immer kleinere Stücke zersetzt.
Nanomaterialien auf der anderen Seite sind Gegenstände, die Menschen selbst als so klein konstruieren – beispielsweise Kohlenstoffnanoröhren, die stärker als Stahl, aber leichter als Aluminium sind und in Touchscreens und Solarzellen verwendet werden. Oder auch Titandioxid-Nanopartikel, die in Sonnenschutzmitteln verwendet werden, um das Produkt in unsere Haut zu integrieren.
Regulierung von Nanomaterial schwer
Die Regulierung von Nanomaterialien ist schwierig, da es noch keinen Test gibt, der stark genug ist, um sie zu skalieren. Die Messung des Vorhandenseins von Nanopartikeln anhand der Masse, wie wir sie zum Nachweis von Chemikalien verwenden, reicht nicht aus, da deren physikalische Zusammensetzung und Struktur nicht berücksichtigt werden. Für seine Forschung entwickelte Monikh nun eine Methode zur Isolierung und Extraktion der Nanopartikel aus dem Gewebe der Organismen, mit der die Forscher jedes Stück Nanomaterial zählen und messen konnten.
Unternehmen beeilen sich, diese Technologie in ihre Produkte zu integrieren, aber Risiko, das diese Produkte beinhalten, wird noch nicht vollständig verstanden, sodass sich gerade erst regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen herausbilden. „Dieses Material hat Form, Größe, physische Grenzen, verschiedene Dinge sammeln sich darin an“, sagt Monikh. „Das bestehende Protokoll hat keine Antwort auf solche Materialien, da die Protokolle für Chemikalien gelten und Chemikalien einheitlich sind.“
Weitere Arbeiten sind erforderlich, um zu verstehen, welchen potenziellen Schaden das Material gegebenenfalls verursacht. Als nächstes werden er und sein Team genauer untersuchen, warum und wie sich diese Partikel im Gehirn von Fischen ansammeln und welche Auswirkungen sie haben könnten. Er hofft, dass auch die politischen Entscheidungsträger dieses Thema aufgreifen und mit der Umsetzung von Vorschriften zur Verwendung von Nanomaterialien beginnen, insbesondere, während wir darauf warten, mehr darüber zu erfahren. „Wir können diese neue Revolution nicht aufhalten, wir können nicht gegen Unternehmen kämpfen, aber wir können gegebenenfalls sichere Nanomaterialien entwerfen, denn wenn wir wissen, welche Auswirkungen dies hat, können wir sie sicher gestalten“, sagt er.
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