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Der Südpol erwärmt sich dreimal schneller als der Rest der Erde

Die Temperaturtrends sind auf dem antarktischen Kontinent sehr unterschiedlich, aber Wissenschaftler haben festgestellt, dass sich der Südpol dreimal so schnell erwärmt wie der Rest der Erde.

Während das allgemeine Bild der globalen Erwärmung einen regelmäßigen Anstieg der Gesamttemperaturen zeigt, erwärmen sich einige Teile der Erde schneller als andere. Die Arktis ist hierfür ein Paradebeispiel. Wissenschaftler haben jetzt einen ähnlich beschleunigten Trend entdeckt, der sich am anderen Ende der Erde abspielt. 30 Jahre Wetterdaten zeigen, dass sich der Südpol (die Antarktis) seit 1989 mehr als dreimal so schnell erwärmt hat wie die Erde.

Südpol kühlte sich bis in die 1980er Jahre ab

Die Forschung wurde von einem internationalen Wissenschaftlerteam durchgeführt, das Wetterstationsdaten, Rasterbeobachtungen und Klimamodelle untersuchte, um die Auswirkungen der globalen Erwärmung am Südpol abzuschätzen.

Die Temperaturen können auf dem antarktischen Kontinent stark variieren. Der größte Teil der Westantarktis und der Antarktischen Halbinsel, wo sich der Meereisverlust in letzter Zeit stark zu beschleunigen begann, war seit dem späten 20. Jahrhundert bekanntermaßen einem Erwärmungstrend ausgesetzt. Doch am Südpol selbst war es immer etwas anders.

Dies liegt an seiner Lage in der abgelegenen, hochgelegenen Region, die als antarktische Hochebene bekannt ist, einem der kältesten Orte der Erde. Während sich die umliegenden Gebiete im Laufe des späten 20. Jahrhunderts erwärmten, kühlte sich der Südpol bis in die 1980er Jahre tatsächlich ab. Doch die neue Studie zeigt, dass der Wandel in der Luft liegt.

Globale Erwärmung erreicht den Südpol

Nach der Analyse des Teams erwärmte sich der Südpol zwischen 1989 und 2018 um insgesamt 1,8 °C (3,24 °F). Und diese Erwärmung hat seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre begonnen, sich zu beschleunigen. Zum Vergleich: Nach Angaben der National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sind die kombinierten Land- und Meerestemperaturen auf dem gesamten Planeten seit 1981 mit einer durchschnittlichen Rate von 0,18 °C (0,32 °F) pro Jahrzehnt gestiegen.

Die Forscher sagen, dies sei auf verschiedene Umstände zurückzuführen. Es ist jedoch schwierig zu bestimmen, wie groß der Beitrag jedes einzelnen Umstandes ist. Ein Faktor für diesen Trend sind jedoch die wärmeren Meerestemperaturen im tropischen Pazifik, die den atmosphärischen Druck über Teilen des Atlantiks gesenkt haben. Das wiederum hat wärmere Luft auf das Plateau getrieben hat, auf dem der Südpol liegt.

Korrelation zwischen Südpol und Tropen

Das Team fand heraus, dass mehrere der wärmsten Jahre des Südpols mit ungewöhnlich warmen Temperaturen in den Tropen korrelierten. Beinahe 20 Prozent der Temperaturschwankungen am Südpol über den untersuchten Zeitraum hinweg könnten mit den Ozeantemperaturen in dieser Region zusammenhängen.

Um zu verstehen, welche Rolle die Treibhausgase und der anthropogene Klimawandel bei diesem Trend gespielt haben, analysierte das Team mehr als 200 Klimamodell-Simulationen. Diese berücksichtigten die Konzentrationen von Treibhausgasen über den Zeitraum von 30 Jahren und erlaubten es dem Team, die Erwärmungsrate mit allen möglichen Erwärmungstrends zu vergleichen, die ohne menschliche Aktivitäten natürlich aufgetreten wären.

Die Forscher kamen zu dem Ergebnis, es sei „extrem unwahrscheinlich“, dass die beobachtete Erwärmung auf natürliche Weise und ohne menschlichen Einfluss stattgefunden haben könnte. Weiters führen sie aus, dass die steigenden Treibhausgaskonzentrationen zusammen mit der tropischen Variabilität einen der „stärksten Erwärmungstrends auf dem Planeten“ hervorgerufen haben. Dieser ist sogar noch größer als der in der Arktis beobachtete Trend, obwohl diese sich fast doppelt so schnell erwärmt wie der Rest des Planeten.

Die Forschung wurde in der Zeitschrift Nature Climate Change publiziert.

newatlas.com

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