Der „Proof of Stake“ ersetzt das Kryptowährungs-Mining durch eine wesentlich effizientere Validierung der Kryptowährung.
Genau wie beim Mining in der realen Welt verwenden die Leute, die Kryptowährung schürfen, leistungsstarke Geräte, um ihre Chance zu erhöhen, wertvolle Ressourcen zu finden. Doch all diese Leistung hat ihren Preis: nämlich einen enormen Energieverbrauch. Eine alternative Methode zum Ausgraben von digitalem Gold könnte dies jedoch ändern. Es wird „Proof of Stake“ genannt und ist eine viel recheneffizientere Form des Kryptowährungs-Mining.
Was ist Krypto-Mining?
Dieser Abschnitt könnte ein ganzes Buch füllen, aber die Grundidee ist, dass Kryptowährungen dezentralisiert sind, was bedeutet, dass es keine „Bank“ gibt, die alle digitalen Münzen enthält. Um dies auszugleichen, führt jeder, der Krypto abbaut, ein „Hauptbuch“, das als Blockchain bezeichnet wird.
Wenn eine neue Zuweisung einer Kryptowährung im System freigegeben wird, geschieht dies als superkompliziertes mathematisches „Problem“. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt versuchen alle Bergleute, die Gleichung zu lösen. Der erste Miner, der dies erfolgreich tut, darf den nächsten Block zur Blockchain hinzufügen und wird mit kaltem, hartem Krypto-Cash belohnt.
Alle anderen Miner – oder „Knoten“ – im Netzwerk erhalten dann eine aktualisierte Version der Blockchain. Sie überprüfen sie, um sicherzustellen, dass alle dieselbe Version haben. So behält die Blockchain ihre Integrität. Alle anderen, die Kryptowährung kaufen und verkaufen − von denen die meisten nicht am Mining beteiligt sind −, profitieren von der Existenz dieser universell zugänglichen Blockchain.
Mehr Rechenleistung – mehr Krypto?
Sie sehen, wohin das führt? Im Rennen um die Lösung dieser lukrativen mathematischen Probleme gilt: Je mehr Rechenleistung Sie als Miner haben, desto mehr Chancen haben Sie, den Code zu knacken.
Während der eine möglicherweise einen in die Jahre gekommenen Desktop-Computer verwendet, mit dem er vielleicht von Zeit zu Zeit Glück hat, kaufen gut betuchte Miner Tausende von Computern und reihen sie alle aneinander. Es ist schon nicht gerade die energieeffizienteste Ressourcennutzung, Ihr altes Gerät zum Minen rund um die Uhr laufen zu lassen. Doch stellen Sie sich vor, wie es ist, wenn ein ganzes Lager an Computern rund um die Uhr läuft! Statistiken zeigen nämlich, dass beispielsweise das Bitcoin-Netzwerk allein jährlich mehr Strom verbraucht als ganz Norwegen.
Eine weitere Tatsache: Um eine Inflation zu vermeiden, werden die Probleme umso schwieriger, je mehr Miner im Bitcoin-Netzwerk sind – und desto mehr Rechenleistung braucht jeder.
Was jetzt?
Die oben beschriebene Methode des Krypto-Mining ist als „Proof of Work“ bekannt und wird von vielen Kryptowährungen verwendet, einschließlich vieler bekannter Währungen. Je mehr Aufwand Sie investieren – in diesem Fall Rechenleistung – desto größer sind die Chancen auf ein erfolgreiches Mining.
Aber es gibt eine andere Methode – „Proof of Stake“ –, die von einer wachsenden Liste von Kryptowährungen verwendet und derzeit von Ethereum übernommen wird. Die Miner von „Proof of Stake“ werden „Validatoren“ genannt werden und die Rechenleistung ist hierbei nicht wirklich wichtig. Der „Stake“-Teil des Stake-Proofs bedeutet, dass Sie als Validator etwas Krypto in das System einspeisen müssen, um dem Netzwerk beizutreten. Es ist Ihr Anteil. Wenn dann eine neue Zuweisung von Kryptowährung in das System freigegeben wird, wird zufällig ein Validator ausgewählt, der den nächsten Block in der Blockchain „schmiedet“.
Worin liegt der Haken?
Ihre Chancen, zufällig ausgewählt zu werden, um den nächsten Block zu schmieden, steigen mit der Höhe Ihres Einsatzes im System. Wenn Sie also 100 € aufwenden, um dem Netzwerk beizutreten, ein anderer aber 1.000 €, so sind dessen Chancen zufällig ausgewählt zu werden 10-mal höher.
Es ist ein bisschen wie das Kaufen von Losen für die Tombola. Die Idee dahinter ist, dass Sie keinen Supercomputer brauchen, um den ganzen Tag zu versuchen, mathematische Probleme zu lösen. Sie haben die Pflicht, einen Computer den ganzen Tag am Laufen zu halten, damit Sie helfen können, neue Blöcke zu validieren, aber es kann sehr wohl auch ein klappriger alter Desktop sein.
Wenn eine Kryptowährung auf der „Proof-of-Stake“-Technologie basiert, verschwindet die Aussicht, dass sie so viel Energie verschlingt wie ein großes Land. Der große Haken ist, dass es nicht einfach ist, eine Währung von einem System in ein anderes zu übertragen. Derzeit wird viel darüber diskutiert, ob es überhaupt möglich wäre, einen großen Energiefresser wie Bitcoin vom „Proof of Work“ in „Proof of Stake“ umzuwandeln.
Werden die Reichen also wieder reicher?
Der „Proof of Stake“ demokratisiert die Kryptowährung nicht von Natur aus. Die Eintrittsbarrieren können hoch sein: Für Ethereums „Proof-of-Stake“-basierte Technologie Ethereum 2.0 müssen Sie 32 Ether (der Name der im Ethereum-System gehandelten Münzen) aufbringen, nur um einen Platz am Tisch zu ergattern. Und das wären derzeit etwa 80.000 US-Dollar (oder rund 66.000 Euro).
Es gibt aber auch eine Menge andere Proof-of-Stake-Münzen und Dinge, die ein Netzwerk tun kann, um sie beispielsweise dafür zu belohnen, dass Sie früh da sind usw. Das alles steckt noch in den Kinderschuhen und braucht seine Zeit.
Sollte es sich aber durchsetzen, wäre das nicht nur ein Segen für Krypto-Fanatiker, sondern vor allem für den Planeten Erde und alle seine Bewohner.
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