UMWELT
Veröffentlicht am Oktober 20, 2020
Kommentare 1.237

Der gewagte Plan, das arktische Eis mit Glas zu retten

von Redaktion LIFECHANGE.AT

Die Befürchtung, dass die Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung des Klimawandels zu langsam sind, hat einige Wissenschaftler dazu veranlasst, unkonventionelle Methoden zu testen, um den Verlust des arktischen Meereises einzudämmen.

Eines der wichtigsten, aber bisher unterschätzten Merkmale des arktischen Meereises ist die Fähigkeit seiner blendend weißen Oberflächen, das Sonnenlicht zu reflektieren. So haben die gefrorenen Meere an der Spitze unserer Welt seit jeher wie ein riesiger Sonnenschirm gewirkt, der dazu beiträgt, den Planeten kühl und sein Klima stabil zu halten.

Doch jetzt verschwindet ein Großteil dieses Eises rasch. Je wärmer es wird, desto mehr löst sich das reflektierende weiße Eis im blauen Wasser auf. Dieses absorbiert mehr von der Sonnenwärme, anstatt sie in den Weltraum zurückzuwerfen. Das wärmere Wasser beschleunigt wiederum das Schmelzen, was eine noch stärkere Absorption von Wärme bedeutet, die ein weiteres Schmelzen antreibt und so weiter. Es ist ein Teufelskreis, der mit ein Grund dafür ist, dass sich die Arktis etwa doppelt so schnell erwärmt wie der Rest des Planeten. Im Juli dieses Jahres war die Eisbedeckung so niedrig wie nie zuvor zu dieser Jahreszeit.

Reflektierendes Glaspulver für die Arktis

Da die Treibhausgasemissionen, die den Planeten erwärmen, weiter ansteigen, wurden einige dazu getrieben, verzweifelte Maßnahmen zu ergreifen. Ein Vorschlag des in Kalifornien ansässigen gemeinnützigen Arctic Ice Project erscheint ebenso gewagt wie bizarr: eine dünne Schicht reflektierenden Glaspulvers über Teile der Arktis zu streuen, um sie vor der Sonneneinstrahlung zu schützen und das Nachwachsen des Eises zu fördern.

Dr. Leslie Field, Lehrbeauftragte an der Standord Universität und technische Leiterin von Arctic Ice Project.

Das Abschmelzen des Meereises hat Auswirkungen weit über die Arktis und ihre Bewohner hinaus. Das Abschmelzen des Meereises trägt indirekt zum Anstieg des Meeresspiegels bei, indem es die Albedo der Meeresoberfläche absenkt. Einige sagen, dass es bereits die Wettermuster rund um den Globus stört. Wenn wir unseren weißen Schutzschild ganz verlieren − was nach Ansicht mancher in nur Jahrzehnten geschehen könnte −, könnte es den gleichen wärmenden Effekt haben wie weitere 25 Jahre Emissionen fossiler Brennstoffe bei den derzeitigen Raten, was intensivere Dürren, Überschwemmungen und Hitzewellen bedeuten würde. Durch die Wiederherstellung des Meereises hofft Dr. Leslie Field, Lehrbeauftragte an der Standford Universität und technische Leiterin von Arctic Ice Project, dass ihr Ansatz auch seine alte Funktion als planetarische Klimaanlage wiederherstellen und dazu beitragen wird, den Auswirkungen der globalen Erwärmung entgegenzuwirken.

Kieselsäure oder Siliziumdioxid für die Arktis?

Viele Wissenschaftler missbilligen solche technologischen Eingriffe in das Planetensystem der Erde, die allgemein als „Geo-Engineering“ bekannt sind, mit dem Argument, dass die Eingriffe in die Natur weitere Schäden verursachen könnten. Doch „der völlige Mangel an Fortschritten beim Klimaschutz eröffnet in Wirklichkeit einen Raum, in dem all diese [Geo-Engineering] Dinge diskutiert werden können“, sagt Emily Cox, die an der Universität Cardiff Klimapolitik und die Einstellung der Öffentlichkeit gegenüber Geo-Engineering untersucht. Doch die Dringlichkeit löscht die Unsicherheit nicht aus. „Was tun Sie, wenn etwas schief geht… besonders in der Arktis, die bereits ein ziemlich empfindliches Ökosystem ist?

Field startete das Arctic Ice Project – früher bekannt als ICE911 – im Jahr 2008, um etwas gegen das schmelzende Meereis zu unternehmen. Was wäre, wenn sie, fragte Field, ein reflektierendes Material auf das junge Eis schichten könnte, um es während der Sommermonate zu schützen? Wenn es diesen zusätzlichen Schutz hätte, könnte es sich zu stabilem, mehrjährigem Eis umwandeln und einen lokalen Prozess des Eisnachwuchses in Gang setzen? Sie spezialisierte sich auf Kieselsäure oder Siliziumdioxid, das oft zur Herstellung von Glas als Material der Wahl verwendet wird. Field fand einen Hersteller, der daraus winzige, hell reflektierende Kügelchen mit einem Durchmesser von jeweils 65 Mikrometern herstellt − dünner als menschliches Haar, aber zu groß, als dass sie eingeatmet werden und Lungenprobleme verursachen könnten. Die Perlen sind zudem innen hohl, so dass sie auf dem Wasser schwimmen und das Sonnenlicht auch dann noch reflektieren, wenn das Eis zu schmelzen beginnt.

Schmelzen des Eises mit Glaspulver verzögern

In den vergangenen zehn Jahren haben sie und ihr Team die Kieselsäurekugeln über mehrere Seen und Teiche in Kanada und den Vereinigten Staaten verstreut, bisher mit ermutigenden Ergebnissen. In einem Teich in Minnesota zum Beispiel machten einige wenige Schichten Glaspulver das junge Eis um 20% reflektierender − genug, um das Schmelzen des Eises zu verzögern. Im Frühling, als das Eis in einem unbedeckten Bereich des Teichs vollständig verschwunden war, befanden sich in dem mit den Glasperlen behandelten Abschnitt noch fast 30 cm Eis. Field will die Arktis nicht mit einem Glasteppich belegen. Stattdessen plant sie, sie strategisch zu verteilen, um einige besonders schnell schmelzende, gefährdete Gebiete zu schützen.

Wissenschaftler besorgt über mögliche Veränderungen im Ökosystem

Wissenschaftler sind sich einig, dass die Perlen gut gemeint sind, machen sich aber Sorgen über ihre möglichen Auswirkungen auf das Ökosystem der Arktis. Wenn sie dort auf unbestimmte Zeit herumschwimmen, „verstopfen sie nur den Ozean und bringen das Ökosystem durcheinander“, sagt Cecilia Bitz, eine auf arktisches Meereis spezialisierte Atmosphärenwissenschaftlerin an der Universität von Washington.

Einige Biologen sind auch besorgt über die möglichen Auswirkungen auf die Lebewesen an der Basis der arktischen Nahrungskette. Je nachdem, wie viel Licht die Kieselsäureperlen reflektieren, könnten sie das Sonnenlicht von photosynthetisierendem Plankton, wie Kieselalgen und Algen, die unter dem Meereis und um das Meereis herum leben, blockieren. Jede Veränderung des Planktonvorkommens könnte das Nahrungsnetz kaskadieren und unvorhersehbare Auswirkungen auf Organismen von Fischen bis hin zu Robben und Eisbären haben, bemerkt Karina Giesbrecht, eine Ozeanchemikerin und Ökologin an der kanadischen Universität von Victoria, die die Rolle von Kieselsäure in arktischen Ökosystemen untersucht hat.

Bisher hat Field Perlen verwendet, die sich größtenteils über Wasser halten (obwohl einige unweigerlich jede Saison sinken), und sie plant, deren Auswirkungen auf Plankton-Ökosysteme zu testen. Sollte es schädliche Auswirkungen geben, wird sie nach Möglichkeiten suchen, die Perlen so zuzuschneiden, dass sie ökologisch sicherer werden, sagt sie. Eine Möglichkeit, die sie in Betracht zieht, ist, ihre Zusammensetzung so zu verändern, dass sie sich nach einiger Zeit auflösen. Es gibt viele andere Fragen, die ihr Team, das in Kürze weitere Tests in mit Meerwasser gefüllten Pools in Alaska durchführen wird, zu beantworten haben wird, um die Welt davon zu überzeugen, dass der Ansatz sicher und wirksam ist.

Field stimmt zu, dass Geo-Engineering in keiner Weise ein Ersatz für die Reduzierung von Kohlenstoffemissionen ist. Vielmehr sieht sie darin eine Chance, die Zeit zu gewinnen, die die Weltwirtschaften brauchen, um sich zu dekarbonisieren und die schlimmsten Auswirkungen des Klimawandels abzuwehren. Die Silika-Perlen, sagt sie, seien „der Backup-Plan, von dem ich hoffte, dass wir ihn nie brauchen würden“.

bbc.com / futurism.com

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